FTR#578—Darkness at Sunrise—The Interdiction of Operation Safehaven—(Two
30-minute segments) (Sources are noted in parentheses.) (Recorded on
11/26/2006.)
Note: FTR#’s 260-316, 317,
324, FTR#325 and succeeding programs are streaming
on Real Audio at www.wfmu.org/daveemory.
FTR#’s 01-270, 316-324 are available for download
only, also on Real Audio, on their Archive Page.)
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NOTE: TWO
LECTURES PRESENTING MR. EMORY’S VIEWS OF WHAT WE CAN EXPECT IN THE FUTURE ARE
NOW AVAILABLE FOR DOWLOAD FOR FREE IN
BOTH REAL AUDIO AND MP3. These lectures are:
L-1: ‘The Political Implications of the UFO Phenomenon and the ‘ET’ Myth’; and
L-2: ‘The Future--Technology, Theocracy and the Thousand-Year-Reich.’
Descriptions are available in the Lecture Series section.
NEW!! A number of
vitally important books are now available for download for FREE. The books are:
Martin Bormann: Nazi in
Exile by Paul Manning; The Nazis Go Underground
by Curt Reiss; and All Honorable Men (parts 1 and 2) by James
Stewart Martin. Taken together, these books will provide a significant
understanding of the concept and reality of The Underground Reich, and they can
be downloaded with a modem Internet connection. They are available at: Spitfirelist.com/Books. In addition, we have added Cairo to Damascus by John Roy Carlson [1951], Germany Plots with the Kremlin by T.H. Tetens [1953], and Armies of Spies by Joseph Golomb [1939].
Yet another recent addition is Germany’s
Master Plan by Joseph Borkin and Charles Welsh. (Borkin is the author of
the 1979 classic The Crime and Punishment
of I.G. Farben.) Another anti-fascist classic about I.G. Farben supplements
the Borkin and Welsh text—Treason’s Peace
by Howard Watson Ambruster. Two more recently-posted gems are The Thousand-Year Conspiracy by Paul
Winkler and Falange by Alan Chase,
both published in 1943. The Winkler text documents the evolution of militant
Pan-Germanism from the Teutonic Knights to the Nazis and Falange documents the Third Reich’s geopolitical goals in the
Spanish-speaking world. By the time many of you read this description, more of
the long-out-of-print anti-fascist books that are more than 50 years old will
have been added to the Spitfirelist.com/Books URL. The Manning text’s URL also features a discussion of
Paul Manning’s career and professional credentials. Martin Bormann: Nazi in Exile is also available in html. Note also that FTR#305
has a synoptic overview of the Bormann organization. An understanding of the
Bormann organization is essential for an in-depth grasp of the arguments
presented on For The Record.
Note also that U.S. Government documents proving Prescott
Bush Sr.’s Money-Laundering on behalf of the Third Reich before and after World
War II are available at a linked website, along with commentary by John
Buchanan, who located the documentation. This material is discussed in FTR#435.
The website containing the documents is www.debatecomics.org/BushFamilyFortune/.
Summary of FTR#578—(Note: The massive
volume of ‘For The Record’ programs about 9/11 and related topics is summarized
and analyzed in the periodically-updated description for FTR#391.
FTR#’s 454,
455, 456 are compilations of
much of the key documentation culled from Mr. Emory’s investigation into 9/11.
Along with FTR#391, they should give
listeners/readers a substantive grasp of this momentous event. It is
recommended that listeners use this description and e-mail it to others.) Documenting neutralization of the program to
block the Nazi flight capital program during and after World War II, this
program highlights the machinations of Allen Dulles in assuring the success of
Operation Eagle’s Flight. (Dulles, as well as his brother John Foster, were
attorneys for the powerful Wall Street law firm Sullivan and Cromwell, which
was deeply involved with the financing of Nazi Germany.) Having played an
essential role in financing Nazi corporate structure, Dulles used his position
as a key agent for the Office of Strategic Services to subvert Operation
Safehaven—the Treasury Department program designed to block the Nazi capital flight.
(The OSS was America’s World War II intelligence service.) After conducting
Operation Sunrise--negotiations with the SS in Italy aimed at effecting a
separate peace between the Third Reich and the Western allies--Dulles worked
with other intelligence veterans and Wall Street movers and shakers to
guarantee the continuity of the international cartel system which helped spawn
the Third Reich in the first place. In order to assure the recycling of the
Third Reich’s stolen wealth out of Europe and then back to Germany to effect
the “economic miracle” of German recovery, Dulles and company created the World
Commerce Corporation. In addition, Dulles helped to politically rehabilitate SS
general Karl Wolff, his chief partner in the Sunrise negotiations. The number
two man in the SS, Wolff became a key information source for John “Frenchy”
Grombach. A former military intelligence officer, Grombach channeled political
dirt to Senator Joseph McCarthy’s anti-communist witch hunts. Among McCarthy’s
victims were Treasury Department veterans such as Harry Dexter White, who had
worked on Operation Safehaven. With Safehaven veterans discredited as
“commies,” the coverup of the Nazi money-go-round was complete.
Program Highlights Include: The FBI’s doctoring of the diary of former Secretary of the Treasury
Robert Morgenthau (who oversaw Safehaven); the participation of key Morgan
partner Edward Stettinius in the World Commerce Corporation; the subversion of
Morgenthau aide Lauchlin Currie’s reputation during the McCarthy period; the
Wall Street connections of Dulles’ collaborators in the World Commerce
Corporation; the postwar career of Dulles’ Sunrise collaborator Lyman
Lemnitzer. For a greater understanding of the international cartel
system, its relationship to the development of the Third Reich, the Bormann
flight capital program and the other topics discussed in this broadcast,
see—among other programs—FTR#’s 305,
511, 532, as well as the books
available on this website. Be sure to examine the declassified documents
chronicling the Bush family’s involvement with Nazi industry before, during and
after World War II.
1.
Beginning with discussion of Operation Safehaven, the program outlines
the Treasury Department’s central role in the attempt at neutralizing the Nazi
flight capital program. It was this flight capital program that birthed the
Bormann network, the economic component of the Underground Reich. “As the tide of battle shifted in favor of the Allies in
1943, economic warfare goals began to take into account the concern that
Germany would try to hide gold and other assets abroad so they would not be
included in war reparations and could be used to re-build Axis strength in the
post-war period. The specific goals of Safehaven, as they came to be formulated
in spring 1944, were to restrict and prevent German economic penetration beyond
Germany, to block Germany from transferring assets to neutral countries, to
ensure that German wealth would be accessible for war reparations and for the
rehabilitation of Europe, to make possible the return to legal owners of
properties looted from countries once occupied by the Germans, and to prevent
the escape of strategic German personnel to neutral havens. The overall purpose
was to make it impossible for Germany to start another war. . . .” (“U.S. and Allied Efforts To
Recover and Restore Gold and Other Assets Stolen or Hidden by Germany During
World War” http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/documents/two.htm)
2.
During Safehaven, the Department of Treasury was headed by Henry
Morgenthau. Morgenthau advocated the de-industrialization of Germany and saw
Safehaven as the first step in realizing that goal. How manifestly unsuccessful
he was can be evaluated at this point in time. “ .
. .Secretary of the Treasury Morgenthau in September 1944 put forward his plan
for the political reform of a defeated Germany through punishment, partition,
and pastoralization. The radical down-scaling of German economy envisaged under
the Morgenthau Plan would rule out any substantial reparations to the victors,
except what might be obtained from the dismantlement of what remained of German
industry at the end of the war. While President Roosevelt appeared at first to
approve of the Treasury plan for a punitive peace for Germany, and he and Prime
Minister Churchill went some distance in adopting some of its elements during
their wartime meeting at Quebec in September 1944, opposition developed from
Secretary of War Henry Stimson who feared it would foster resentment in Germany
and give rise to another war with Germany. The State Department also opposed
the pastoralization of the Germany economy called for in the Treasury plan and
favored a system of controls that would bring Germany into the family of
nations. The State Department opposed the deindustrialization of Germany,
believing rather that Germany should have a positive role to play in the
postwar international economy. The British also opposed the harsh peace plan
advocated by Morgenthau. . . .” (Idem.)
3.
Another of the Treasury Department officials involved with Safehaven
was Harry Dexter White, who was a casualty of Joe McCarthy’s anti-communist
witch hunts. “ . . .To provide Embassies with
expertise in Safehaven-related issues, on October 31, 1944, Treasury Secretary
Morgenthau agreed with Treasury General Counsel Joseph O’Connell and Harry
Dexter White, Director of Monetary Research for the Treasury Department, that
Treasury-trained financial intelligence officers should be dispatched to
supplement the staff of Embassies in response to the increased outflow of Axis
capital and goods from the German Reich to neutral havens. . . .” (Idem.)
4.
In addition to Harry Dexter White, Lauchlin Currie was another of
Morgenthau’s associates in the unsuccessful Safehaven operation. Currie, too,
was destroyed in the McCarthy period. “ . . .The
arrival of the Currie Mission in Bern in February 1945 represented both a
substantive and psychological watershed for the Swiss. Since the Allied
landings in June 1944, the German Army had steadily retreated, and for the
first time in over four years Switzerland was not surrounded by the German
Army, opening the possibility to expand trade and communication with the
non-Axis world. The U.S. Legation in Bern judged that public expectations
centering on Currie’s visit were bordering on the feverish. . . . Despite official
Swiss concern about his mission, Currie was impressed with the popular
enthusiasm that greeted his arrival on the first train to Bern from a recently
liberated Paris. Throughout his stay, in fact, Currie received red carpet
treatment, the details of which appeared in much of his correspondence about
the Mission. It is likely that the lavish Swiss hospitality afforded Currie and
his colleagues contributed, to some degree, to the optimistic interpretation of
the mission’s outcome. . . .” (Idem.)
5.
Under the auspices of Safehaven, German industrial representatives in
the U.S. and their American collaborators were being wiretapped. President
Roosevelt intended to use the information gleaned from those wiretaps to indict
the Nazis’ American industrial and financial collaborators. Had he been
successful in doing so, many of the most prominent names in American industry
and finance would have been convicted at Nuremberg, including the grandfather
and great-grandfather of George Bush! Among those collaborators was Allen
Dulles, who was centrally involved in financing the Third Reich and in helping
the Nazi flight capital program. (For more about Dulles’ role in helping to
finance the Third Reich and assist the Nazi flight capital program, see—among
other programs—FTR#’s 353,
361, 370, 532.) “ . . . . But the one issue upon which Roosevelt was
unyielding was his insistence that after the war, the German bankers must stand
in the dock at the Nuremberg war crimes trial. This is confirmed by the
top-secret White House-Justice Department correspondence files. The plan was to
wait until Abs, Krupp, Flick, and the rest of the industrialists were charged.
Then Morgenthau would unleash the wiretap Evidence showing that the Nazis had
hidden their stolen assets in Switzerland, with the help of Allen Dulles. The
whole scandal of Western aid to the Germany economy would unravel. All the
slights of the Standard Oil blackmail would be avenged. The sudden release of
the Safehaven intercepts would force a public outcry to bring treason charges
against those British and American businessmen who aided the enemy in time of
war. The targets included not only the Dulles brothers, but Forrestal and major
industrialists, such as Henry Ford. From a prosecutor's point of view,
indicting the German bankers first was a brilliant strategy. To save
themselves, Herman Abs and Hjalmar Schacht would have to reveal the whole
history of their sordid dealings with companies such as Ford Motor. Despite the
shields of Swiss banking laws and the layers of corporations that Dulles had
erected, he had never anticipated that the Swiss bank codes and cables would
ever become public knowledge. Roosevelt and Morgenthau would have hanged him
and all his colleagues, forever breaking the power of the pirates of
international finance. It was a glorious dream. Yet the scheme completely fell
apart because someone tipped off Dulles that he was under surveillance. . . .” (The Secret War Against the Jews: How
Western Espionage Betrayed the Jewish People; John Loftus and Mark Aarons;
Copyright 1994 [HC]; St. Martin’s Press; ISBN 0-312-11057-X; pp. 77-78.)
6.
Again, Allen Dulles would have been in the defendants’ dock at
Nuremberg. Dulles was actively involved with helping the Nazis move their money
to Argentina. “ . . . Because he learned about the
Safehaven intercepts so quickly, Dullest knew that there was no smoking gun
against him. His work for the Nazis prior to the war was not illegal, let alone
treasonous. His wartime communications with the Nazis, although highly
embarrassing, could be excused as an exercise in deception or as part of his
intrigues to overthrow Hitler. Although many of his wartime actions were
unauthorized, they were not criminal. What was criminal was the way that Dulles
was trying to help the German industrialists get their money out at the end of
the war. After the Nazis' 1943 defeat at Stalingrad, various Nazi businessmen
realized they were on the losing side and made plans to evacuate their wealth.
The Peron government in Argentina was receiving the Nazi flight capital with
open arms, and Dulles helped it hide the money. This was more than a violation
of the Trading with the Enemy Act; giving aid and comfort to the enemy in time
of war was treason. Once again, however, Alien Dulles was one step ahead of his
pursuers. . . .” (Ibid.; p. 79)
7.
Note that the
Vatican helped Dulles move the Nazi money out of Europe and that the Nazi
capital helped the Argentine economy soar. “Dulles
represented a staggering array of Argentine corporate and political entities
before and after the war. President Juan Peron and his family were ardent
Catholics and violently anti-Communist, as were many Argentines. In fact, Peron
was decidedly pro-Fascist and Argentina was the only South American country
that continued relations with the Third Reich well into the war. The Argentine
economy boomed with the massive postwar transfer of Nazi flight capital. . . .” (Ibid.; p. 110.)
8.
“ .
. . Soon after the Safehaven inquiry into his own Nazi money smuggling was
buried, Allen Dulles resigned from the OSS and returned to New York to do what
he did best: move money illegally for his clients. One of the first names on
his client list was a ‘personal matter’ for Thomas McKittrick, the head of the
previously Nazi-dominated Bank of International Settlements (BIS) in
Switzerland. The BIS had overseen the transfer of Nazi assets to Switzerland.
After the war, the Nazis moved the money via the Vatican to Argentina. . . .” (Ibid.;
pp. 83-84.)
9.
“ . .
. . Dulles represented a staggering array of Argentine corporate and political
entities before and after the war. President Juan Peron and his family were
ardent Catholics and violently anti-Communist, as were many Argentines. In
fact, Peron was decidedly pro-Fascist and Argentina was the only South American
country that continued relations with the Third Reich well into the war. The
Argentine economy boomed with the massive postwar transfer of Nazi flight
capital. . . .” (Ibid.; p. 110.)
10.
In order to
circumvent Safehaven, protect the Nazi capital flight and, ultimately
re-finance the German economy, Dulles recruited William Donovan, head of the
OSS, America’s World War II intelligence service. Very closely identified with
the Morgan interests, Donovan collaborated with Dulles in the World Commerce
Corporation, one of the primary vehicles for effecting the Nazi
“money-go-round”. “ . . . The ‘old spies’ say that
Dulles did not have to try very hard to convince Donovan that Truman was an
idiot and that the only hope for the revival of an American intelligence
service was to end the Democratic party’s stranglehold on the White House in
the 1948 election. In the meantime, Dulles and Donovan agreed that every effort
must be made to sabotage the Truman liberals and quietly prepare for the Cold
War. To this end, Dulles convinced Donovan to serve on the board of a company
that would help rebuild the German economy as a bulwark against communism.
Dulles assured his old boss that there were a large number of wealthy South
American investors, especially in Argentina, who were willing to help rebuild
Germany. Although Donovan did not know it, Dulles had conned him into serving
as the front man for the Nazi money launderers. He and Sir William Stephenson
from British intelligence joined the board of directors of the World Commerce
Corporation, with Allen Dulles, naturally, as their lawyer. The Nazi money
flowed in a great circle—out of the Third Reich, through the Vatican, to
Argentina, and back to ‘democratic’ West Germany. The source of the miraculous
West German economic revival in the 1950’s was the same money that had been
stolen in the 1940’s.” (Idem.)
11.
Note that the
efforts of Dulles, Donovan and the World Commerce Corporation were essential to
the economic reconstruction of Germany. Note also, that the investors in the
German corporations—including the Wall Street high-rollers that Roosevelt
wanted to prosecute at Nuremberg--benefited from the interdiction of Operation
Safehaven. “ . . . Few who watch the film Evita
would recognize that the Peron family of Argentina worked directly with the
Croatian Ustashi to establish a pipeline from the Vatican Bank. As recounted
earlier in this book, Ante Pavelic himself, the Croatian Nazi leader, moved to
Buenos Aires and became a ‘security adviser’ to the Perons. Laundered through
the ‘untraceable’ Vatican Bank, the Nazi treasure moved from Switzerland to
South America. There the stolen funds were invested in a number of Argentine
businesses whose lawyer was, of course, Allen Dulles. As the final act of the
money laundering, Dulles created the World Commerce Corporation to revive trade
between Argentina and West Germany. On its board were such notables as William
Donovan of US intelligence, and William Stephenson of British intelligence.
During the 1950’s, much of the stolen proceeds were laundered back to Germany
for the great economic revival of West Germany. In the end, the money went back
to the original German companies and their Western investors.” (Unholy Trinity: The Vatican, the Nazis and
the Swiss Banks; by John Loftus and Mark Aarons; St. Martin’s Press [SC];
Copyright 1991, 1998 by Mark Aarons and John Loftus; ISBN 0-312-18199; p. 300.)
12.
In his efforts on
behalf of the Bormann capital network, Dulles was able to draw on the resources
of Frank Wisner, who became a Deputy Director of the CIA. Wisner, an OSS
veteran like Dulles and Donovan, had been a partner in the powerful Wall Street
law firm of Carter, Ledyard and Milburn. (At one point Carter, Ledyard and
Milburn—which was the legal counsel for the New York Stock Exchange—had two
alumni as Deputy Directors of the CIA. Wisner was joined by Harding Jackson.) “ . . . The
most important front group was an entity called the World Commerce Corporation
established after World War II to rebuild German—South American trade networks.
The directors of this corporation were Sir William Stephenson, formerly of
British intelligence and General William Donovan, formerly of the OSS. One of
the attorneys for World Commerce was Allen Dulles, whose assistant, Frank
Wisner, was the State Department’s deputy for currency and economic reform in
the American of West Germany. Many of the staff members for the economic
reconstruction of occupied Germany came from the same international financial
firms which had invested heavily in the pre-war German economy. . . .” .” (Ibid.; p. 278.)
13.
Further underscoring the corporatist element in the interdiction of
Safehaven is the fact that Edward Stettinius joined Dulles and Donovan on the
World Commerce Corporation. Stettinius was a key Morgan partner. “ . . . Ostensibly to promote recovery he [Donovan], William
Stephenson, and Edward Stettinius, along with members of the London Hambro
family and quite a delegation of other at-large bigshots, had started up the
World Commerce Corporation, a Panama-registered entity which seemed to fall
somewhere between an import-export combine and a commercially oriented
espionage network. Primary among its functions would seem to have been the
reequipping and upgrading of the German industrial plant. . .” (The
Old Boys: The American Elite and the Origins of the CIA; Burton Hersh;
Charles Scribner’s Sons [HC]; Copyright 1992 by Burton Hersh; IBN
0-684-19348-5; p. 229.)
14.
The title of the broadcast derives from Operation Sunrise, an attempt
by Dulles to negotiate a separate surrender of Nazi forces in Italy. In and of
itself a violation of the protocols of the Grand Alliance that joined the USSR,
U.S. and U.K. against the Axis, Operation Sunrise helped to drive a wedge
between the U.S. and the Soviets. Sunrise appears to have been a key factor in
precipitating the Cold War. Dulles’ key negotiating partner on the other side
was General Karl Wolff, Himmler’s personal adjutant and the number two man in
the SS. As we will see, Wolff was later to contribute to the McCarthy
anti-communist witch hunts that, among other things, helped to discredit
veterans of the Safehaven program by tarring them with the “commie brush.”
Among those who supported excluding the Soviets from the Sunrise negotiations
was Averell Harriman, the U.S. ambassador the Soviet Union. Harriman was a
partner of the Bush family in their business deals with the Nazis. “When Dulles opened contacts with Wolff in early 1945, the
British military command in Italy notified the Soviets that new peace
negotiations had begun for a rapid German surrender of northern Italy. The
Soviets replied that they were glad to hear this; all that was required under
standing Allied agreements on negotiations with the enemy was for a handful of
senior Soviet military representatives to monitor the progress of the talks.
The U.S. ambassador to Moscow, Averell Harriman, vetoed that. Inviting the
Soviets to the negotiations would make the Germans nervous, he contended, and
would only encourage the Soviets to insist on participation in other upcoming
decisions about the former Axis territories already held by U.S. and British
troops. His was one of the most important voices on U.S.-Soviet relations, and
his opinion carried the day.” (The
Splendid Blonde Beast: Money, Law and Genocide in the Twentieth Century;
Christopher Simpson; Common Courage Press [SC]; Copyright 1995 by Christopher
Simpson; ISBN 1-5671-062-0 [paper]; p. 202.)
15.
Among the military negotiators allied with Dulles was Lyman Lemnitzer,
who was to become a character witness for Wolff after the war and, eventually,
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He was Chairman of the Joint Chiefs when
John F. Kennedy became President. (Listeners familiar with Operation Northwoods
should note that that program was developed under Lemnitzer. For more about
Northwoods, see FTR#363.)
“Roosevelt and Stalin exchanged increasingly
bitter notes as negotiations continued in Switzerland among Dulles, the SS
representatives, and a crew of senior U.S. military officers that included
Major General Lyman Lemnitzer and General Hoyt Vandenberg. A week after the
talks began, Soviet Foreign Minister Molotov sent a note to Harriman in Moscow
expressing ‘complete surprise’ that Soviet representatives were still barred
from the talks. He said that the situation was ‘inexplicable in terms of the
relations of alliance’ between the U.S. and the USSR.’ If the U.S. refused to
permit Soviet representatives to participate, Molotov contended, the talks had
to be abandoned.” (Idem.)
16.
In the text excerpts that follow, note the role of the Sunrise
negotiations in exacerbating friction between the U.S. and the Soviets. “Roosevelt wrote directly to Stalin a few days later. The
USSR misunderstood what was taking place, he insisted. The talks in Italy were
basically a local matter, comparable to that in which the Baltic coast cities
of Konigsberg and Danzig had earlier surrendered to the Soviets. Roosevelt
seemed to approve Soviet participation in the talks (‘I will be pleased to
have at any discussion of the details of surrender . . . the benefit of the
experience and advice of any of your officers who can be present. . .’), but he
insisted that the talks in Switzerland were an ‘investigation’ of a local
German commander's surrender offer, not a ‘negotiation.’ Time was of the
essence, he continued, and the U.S. representatives could not be faulted for
being eager to accept the surrender of the German troops they were facing on
the battlefield.” (Ibid.; p. 203.)
17.
“Stalin escalated the argument. His foreign minister,
Molotov, suddenly had new commitments in Moscow and would not attend the
founding of Roosevelt's most cherished postwar project, the United Nations
Organization. This was a calculated slight, and both sides knew it. In a new
note to FDR, Stalin replied that he was all for profiting from cases of
disintegration in the German armies,’ but in this case, the Germans were using
the talks to ‘maneuver’ and to transfer troops from Italy to the Eastern
Front.’ Roosevelt replied that Soviet actions in Poland and Romania had not
lived up to the commitments made at the Yalta Conference less than two months
previously. U.S.-Soviet relations had moved rapidly to an ‘atmosphere of
regrettable apprehension and mistrust’ owing to the confrontation over Dulles's
talks with the SS, Roosevelt commented, and again insisted to Stalin that the
talks were for ‘the single purpose of arranging contact with competent German
military officers and not for negotiations of any kind.’ Meanwhile, FDR cabled
Dulles in Switzerland and ordered him to present the SS representatives with a
take-it-or-leave-it offer of an unconditional surrender. No further negotiation
would be permitted, the President said. Stalin seemed to know many of the
details of the Dulles-SS talks even before Roosevelt did. When FDR tried to soothe
Stalin with a declaration that the Swiss talks were without political
significance, Stalin shot back that ‘apparently you are not fully informed.’
Stalin's military intelligence agents in Switzerland were ‘sure that
negotiations did take place and that they ended in an agreement with the
Germans, whereby the German commander on the Western Front, Marshal Kesselring,
is to open the front to the Anglo-American troops and let them move east, while
the British and Americans have promised, in exchange, to ease the armistice
terms for the Germans. I think my colleagues are not very far from the truth,’
he continued. If this perception was wrong, he asked, why were his men still
being excluded from the talks?” (Ibid.; pp. 203-204.)
18.
Note that Stalin was right—Dulles and crew were indeed attempting to
negotiate a separate peace with the Third Reich, in violation of the protocols
that governed the alliance between the Soviets, the U.S. and the United
Kingdom. Note also that Roosevelt died at this time. Although it is not
discussed in detail, Roosevelt died while having his portrait painted by some
White (anti-communist) Russians, who didn’t even wait to learn of Roosevelt’s
fate after his collapse. Nazi astrologers had predicted that the date on which
Roosevelt died would see a change in the Nazi fortunes. Mr. Emory does not
believe in astrology and feels that the Nazi astrologers may well have been
providing a propaganda assist to the Nazi faithful in anticipation of an
attempt on Roosevelt’s life. “Stalin may have overstated
his case, but he was not far off. These were in fact exactly the terms that
Cardinal Schuster had proposed and that Dulles had discussed with Wolff. No
final deal had been struck, though, and by early April both sides in
Switzerland were once again seeking guidance from their respective home
offices. By then, though, the German front had begun to collapse
throughout Europe, the Red Army was at the gates of Berlin, and Dulles's grand
plan to take Central Europe by way of Trieste had failed. ‘The Bern incident,’
as Roosevelt described it in a last letter to Stalin written only hours before
his death, ‘. . . now appears [to have] faded into the past without having
accomplished any useful purpose.’” (Ibid.; p. 204.)
19.
Observers and participants in the Sunrise negotiations came away
convinced that Dulles had reached an accord with Wolff and his SS counterparts.
As will be seen below, they were right. “. . . But
FDR's ban on a formal agreement did not preclude Dulles from making more
limited ‘gentlemen's agreements’ with his SS counterparts for concessions that
he saw as advantageous to the OSS or to U.S. geopolitical strategy. The SS
delegation, the Swiss intelligence envoys who were serving as go-betweens, and
the Soviet agents secretly monitoring the talks each came away from the talks
convinced that Dulles had agreed to provide protection and assistance to
General Wolff and his SS entourage in exchange for a quick surrender of German
troops in Italy, although Dulles would deny this later.” (Idem.)
20.
Indicating the treasonous nature of Dulles’ activities is the fact that
he continued the Sunrise negotiations even after being ordered to break them
off. It was the view of Dulles’ superiors that Wolff’s efforts were an attempt
at splitting the alliance. They were right. Dulles was doing the same thing. “Wolff's ultimately empty promises of a dramatic German
surrender that would advance U.S. and British forces far to the east captivated
Dulles and his OSS colleagues in Switzerland. Dulles intervened on a half-dozen
occasions in an effort to keep the Operation Sunrise negotiations on track,
even after the joint U.S.--British military command in Italy ordered him to
desist. By the last week of April, senior U.S. and British military commanders
in Italy concluded that the Sunrise project was little more than a desperate SS
effort to fracture Allied unity, and told Dulles to cut off all contact with
Wolff and his emissaries. Nevertheless, Dulles's top aide Gero von Gaevernitz
kept the negotiations open and acted with Dulles's tacit cooperation to rescue
Wolff from Italian partisans. The U.S.-British Combined Chiefs of Staff are
known to have opened an investigation into Dulles's alleged dereliction of duty
and refusal to obey orders in connection with the Wolff rescue, but the records
of this inquiry have disappeared from OSS and military files and have yet to be
rediscovered.” (Ibid.; pp. 204-205.)
21.
“The unofficial truce in Italy that took hold as the
negotiations went on probably saved lives, if only because ground combat is so
brutal that even a few hours' respite can reduce casualties. But Roosevelt's
conclusion that the negotiations failed to achieve a genuine German surrender
in Italy is accurate. As a practical matter, Operation Sunrise contributed
considerably more to souring U.S.-Soviet relations, and to enhancing Alien
Dulles's carefully cultivated reputation as a spymaster, than it ever did to
winning the war in Europe. [Italics are Mr. Emory’s.] Making use of splits
in the enemy camp is, of course, among the most basic military tactics, and
fundamental to almost any effort to recruit spies. But Operation Sunrise was
seriously counterproductive from strategic and political points of view. The
U.S. and its allies had formally agreed to forgo use of separate peace negotiations
with the Germans in order to more fully ensure the solidity of their coalition.
That policy did not make relations with the Germans easier, obviously, but any
other approach would likely have facilitated Hitler's central strategy and last
hope in the final years of the war, which was to conquer the Allies by dividing
them. Roosevelt's demand for an unconditional surrender had not sprung from
na'ivete or starry-eyed idealism, as some critics have argued, but rather from
a tough-minded appraisal of just how much blood would be required to defeat the
Axis. The unconditional-surrender policy did not ‘cost’ U.S. lives; it saved
them, perhaps by the hundreds of thousands, by guaranteeing that the Soviet
Union would carry most of the weight in the war against Hitler.” (Ibid.; p.205.)
22.
The beginning of a symbiotic relationship, Sunrise became the point of
departure for a collaborative relationship between Dulles, Wolff and Lemnitzer.
“ . . . The more sophisticated Axis defendants soon
learned how to make the most of the divisions among the Allies. The postwar
careers of the SS men who had negotiated with Alien Dulles during Operation
Sunrise provide an example of how symbiotic relationships evolved among the
victors and the vanquished during the first years after the war. The Dulles
case is interesting not only because it was typical of thousands of less
prominent instances, but also because of the symmetry in Dulles's behavior in
the wake of two different genocides—the Armenian Genocide and the Nazi Holocaust—more
than two decades apart. . . .” (Ibid.; p. 236.)
23.
“ . . . Though Dulles was later to deny it, he extended de
facto protection to Karl Wolff and at least two of his assistants, Eugen
Dollmann and Eugen Wenner, both of whom were later indicted by Italian
authorities for their roles in massacres of Italian partisans and deportation
of Italian Jews to Auschwitz. Circumstantial evidence links Dulles to the
escape of another of Wolff's assistants, Walter Rauff, whose rise through SS
ranks had been helped by his use of gas trucks to murder thousands of Jewish
women and children on the Eastern Front. . . .” (Idem.)
24.
Dulles and Lemnitzer were character witnesses for Wolff at a
de-Nazification procedure. Their testimony prepared the way for Wolff to become
a collaborator with elements of Western intelligence. “ . . . In late 1949, the British brought Karl Wolff
before a denazification board (not an Allied court) in Hamburg—a move that
might be fairly compared to charging the SS leader with traffic violations. Wolff's
Sunrise colleagues turned out in force for the ‘denazification.’ Allen Dulles,
Lyman Lemnitzer, and General Terrence Airey each submitted an affidavit on
Wolff's behalf to the German panel; Dulles's senior aide, Gero von Gaevernitz,
testified in person as a defense witness. The board deliberated briefly,
determined that the Karl Wolff in the dock was in fact the well-known Nazi and
SS leader, then went on to conclude that the time Wolff had served in Allied
internment since the war had been punishment enough. Karl Wolff was free to go.
. . .” (Ibid.; p. 242.)
25.
“ . . . Officially, the United States, Britain, and the USSR
formally agreed at the Potsdam Conference during the summer of 1945 to a tough
program of demilitarization, decentralization, and denazification of Germany in
general and of the German economy in particular. They also specified that
Germany would pay substantial war reparations to the countries it had damaged.
The Wolff and Horthy cases suggest that despite such public covenants, clandestine
factions inside Western governments already enjoyed sufficient clout in the
late 1940s to effectively derail prosecution of Nazi criminals, including those
of very high rank, at least in certain circumstances. But this pattern of
comfort extended to those who had once organized genocide was not simply some
plot by insiders. It was, as will be seen, a structural problem, one that
extended de facto amnesties to thousands of men and women who had promoted or
profited from mass murder. . . .” (Ibid.; p. 244.)
26.
Eventually, the rehabilitated Wolff began feeding information to
“Frenchy” Grombach, a former military intelligence agent who formed a network
of operatives who fed information to the CIA, among others. As indicated here,
one of Grombach’s major sources in his efforts was Wolff. “ . . . One of Grombach's most important assets, according
to U.S. naval intelligence records obtained under the Freedom of Information
Act, was SS General Karl Wolff, a major war criminal who had gone into the arms
trade in Europe after the war. . . . Grombach worked simultaneously under
contract to the Department of State and the CIA. The ex-military intelligence
man succeeded in creating ‘one of the most unusual organizations in the history
of the federal government,’ according to CIA Inspector General Lyman
Kirkpatrick. ‘It was developed completely outside of the normal governmental
structure, [but it] used all of the normal cover and communications facilities
normally operated by intelligence organizations, and yet never was under any
control from Washington.’ By the early 1950s the U.S. government was
bankrolling Grombach's underground activities at more than $1 million annually,
Kirkpatrick has said. . . .” (Blowback; Christopher Simpson;
Collier [Macmillan] {SC}; Copyright 1988 by Christopher Simpson; ISBN
0-02-044995-X; p. 236.)
27.
Among the primary recipients of Grombach’s and Wolff’s information was
Senator Joseph McCarthy, who utilized dirt given him by the network to smear
his opponents. Among those who were trashed during the McCarthy period were
people involved with Safehaven. “Grombach
banked on his close connections with Senators Joseph McCarthy, William Jenner,
and other members of the extreme Republican right to propel him to national
power. . . .Grombach's outfit effectively became the foreign espionage agency
for the far right, often serving as the overseas complement to McCarthy's
generally warm relations with J. Edgar Hoover's FBI at home . . . . U.S.
government contracts bankrolling a network of former Nazis and collaborators
gave him much of the ammunition he needed to do the job. Grombach used his
networks primarily to gather dirt. This was the American agent's specialty, his
true passion: political dirt, sexual dirt, any kind of compromising information
at all. ‘He got into a lot of garbage pails,’ as Kirkpatrick puts it, ‘and
issued 'dirty linen' 'reports on Americans. ‘Grombach collected scandal,
cataloged it, and used it carefully, just as he had done during the earlier
McCormack investigation. He leaked smears to his political allies in Congress
and the press when it suited his purposes to do so. Grombach and congressional
‘internal security’ investigators bartered these dossiers with one another
almost as though they were boys trading baseball cards. . . .” (Ibid.;
p. 237.)
28.
Part of the
interdiction of Safehaven was the destruction of the professional reputations
of those involved with the effort. As we have seen, Joe McCarthy, Karl Wolff,
Grombach and company were deeply involved in the anti-communist witch hunts.
Harry Dexter White was among the Safehaven veterans who had their reputations
destroyed by McCarthy. Discussing McCarthy’s targets, Fred Cook mentioned the
fate of White: “ . . . What had they established
in that time, at least to their own satisfaction? That out of a total of 2.5
million federal employees, only some seventy-five could even be accused of
communist activities. Of this miniscule number, two, Harold Ware and Harry
Dexter White, had died. . . .” (The
Nightmare Decade; Fred Cook; Random House [HC]; Copyright 1971 by Fred
Cook; ISBN 0-394-46270-X; p. 547.)
29.
Like Dexter White,
Safehaven veteran Lauchlin Currie had his career destroyed in the McCarthy
period. McCarthy successfully tarred State Department official Owen Lattimore
by noting that Lattimore had edited some of Currie’s correspondence. (Note that
Mr. Emory is skeptical of “disclosures” in the 1990’s of Currie’s alleged
spying for the Soviets. Note the alteration of former Treasury Secretary
Morgenthau’s diaries, dicussed below. There has been a vigorous effort at
re-writing history, and Mr. Emory suspects that the accusations against Currie
may be part of this.) “ . . . Here are to be found
only the puny charges that he [Lattimore] knowingly denied . . . (5) that in
1942 he was requested to and did take care of the correspondence of Lauchlin
Currie while Currie was away on a trip . . . .”
(Ibid.; pp. 376-377.)
30.
Among the events that may have helped to bury history is the
FBI’s doctoring of Robert Morgenthau’s diaries. Recall that Morgenthau was
Treasury Secretary and Safehaven was initiated under his jurisdiction. Recall,
also, that Morgenthau favored the complete de-industrialization of Germany. Might
Hoover’s agents have altered information relating to Safehaven? “ . . . Hoover was not only determined to manipulate the
news, deciding what the public should or should not know; he also altered
history, in the process exacting revenge against one of his most hated enemies,
‘that Jew in the Treasury,’ Henry Morgenthau, Jr. During his nearly dozen years
as secretary of the treasury (1934—45), Morgenthau kept a daily diary, which
included not only his own recollections of events but also verbatim
transcriptions of his meetings and telephone calls. Moreover, as a member of
FDR's ‘inner cabinet,’ he was privy to the behind-the-scenes activities of most
of the rest of the government. According to the historian Jason Berger, it
would be difficult to overstate the importance of the Morgenthau diaries to
scholars of the New Deal era. As ‘the only source of daily happenings in
Washington,’ Berger notes, ‘they are a researcher's dream.’ For writers ranging
from Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., to Ted Morgan, they have been an indispensable
source of raw history. On leaving office, Morgenthau had given his papers to
the National Archives for safekeeping until such time as he decided to make
them public. On learning, in 1951, that Morgenthau was discussing publication
of the diaries, Hoover struck.” (J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and His
Secrets; Copyright 1991 by Curt Gentry; Plume [Penguin Group] {SC}; ISBN
0-452-26904-0; p. 389.)
31.
In addition to re-writing history through the doctoring of Morgenthau’s
diaries, it appears that operatives may have doctored other memoirs of U.S.
politicians. How many other politicians have had their memoirs doctored? How
many government agencies beside the FBI have been involved in such operations? “‘It was a very covert operation,’ a senior agent who
headed the raiding party has recalled, ‘damn covert. There were five of us, and
we were all sworn to absolute secrecy. We even left the Washington field office
by various devious routes. And we'd go in [an out-of-the-way room at the
National Archives] at different times so no one would know five agents were in
that room. And we were the only ones who had a key.’ Their only equipment,
which they carried in their briefcases, was scissors. ‘We literally went
through [the diary] with scissors, cutting out any references which would be
unfavorable to Mr. Hoover or the FBI. They were just physically excerpted right
out of the diary itself. Our job was to cut out everything which, even by
innuendo, might indicate that Mr. Hoover had feet of clay.’ The
pages were then retyped and renumbered so that there would be no indication
that anything was missing. The whole operation took several weeks. What they
left behind for the historians who followed was a history of the New Deal years
as approved by J. Edgar Hoover. Although he was not personally involved, the
senior agent heard from the Bureau grapevine that President Roosevelt's papers
had been similarly ‘sanitized.’ According to librarians at the Franklin D.
Roosevelt Library at Hyde Park, New York, many FBI reports are missing.
And still others have been changed. . . .” (Ibid.; pp. 389-90.)
32.
Although the information is not in the body of the actual
broadcast, it is interesting to contemplate the evolution of the milieu that
blocked Operation Safehaven. Dulles became director of the CIA under
Eisenhower, while his brother John Foster became Secretary of State. [John
Foster Dulles, like Allen, was a partner in Sullivan and Cromwell, the
influential Wall Street law firm that played a prominent role in U.S.
investment in the Third Reich.] Lyman Lemnitzer became Chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff. Wisner became a Deputy Director of the CIA. With the exception
of John Foster Dulles (who died in the late 1950’s) all of these people were in
office when Kennedy became President, after defeating Richard Nixon, who was
part of the same milieu. Nixon, a protégé of Allen Dulles, presided over the
Crusade for Freedom, which brought Nazi war criminals into the U.S. for
political purposes. (For more about the Crusade for Freedom, see—among other
programs—FTR#465.)